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- NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
- being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
- The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
- prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
- See United States v. Detroit Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
-
- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
-
- Syllabus
-
- FIRST OPTIONS OF CHICAGO, INC. v. KAPLAN et
- al.
- certiorari to the united states court of appeals for
- the third circuit
- No. 94-560. Argued March 22, 1995-Decided May 22, 1995
-
- This case arose out of disputes centered on a ``workout'' agreement,
- embodied in four documents, which governs the ``working out'' of
- debts owed by respondents-Manuel Kaplan, his wife, and his
- wholly owned investment company, MK Investments, Inc. (MKI)-to
- petitioner First Options of Chicago, Inc., a firm that clears stock
- trades on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. When First Options'
- demands for payment went unsatisfied, it sought arbitration by a
- stock exchange panel. MKI, which had signed the only workout
- document containing an arbitration agreement, submitted to arbitra-
- tion, but the Kaplans, who had not signed that document, filed
- objections with the panel, denying that their disagreement with
- First Options was arbitrable. The arbitrators decided that they had
- the power to rule on the dispute's merits and ruled in First Options'
- favor. The District Court confirmed the award, but the Court of
- Appeals reversed. In finding that the dispute was not arbitrable,
- the Court of Appeals said that courts should independently decide
- whether an arbitration panel has jurisdiction over a dispute, and
- that it would apply ordinary standards of review when considering
- the District Court's denial of respondents' motion to vacate the
- arbitration award.
- Held:
- 1. The arbitrability of the Kaplan/First Options dispute was
- subject to independent review by the courts. Pp. 3-9.
- (a) The answer to the narrow question whether the arbitrators
- or the courts have the primary power to decide whether the parties
- agreed to arbitrate a dispute's merits is fairly simple. Just as the
- arbitrability of the merits of a dispute depends upon whether the
- parties agreed to arbitrate that dispute, see, e.g., Mastrobuono v.
- Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U. S. ___, ___, so the question
- ``who has the primary power to decide arbitrability'' turns upon
- whether the parties agreed to submit that question to arbitration.
- If so, then the court should defer to the arbitrator's arbitrability
- decision. If not, then the court should decide the question indepen-
- dently. These two answers flow inexorably from the fact that
- arbitration is simply a matter of contract between the parties.
- Pp. 3-5.
- (b) The Kaplans did not agree to arbitrate arbitrability. Courts
- generally should apply ordinary state-law principles governing
- contract formation in deciding whether such an agreement exists.
- However, courts should not assume that the parties agreed to
- arbitrate arbitrability unless there is ``clea[r] and unmistakabl[e]''
- evidence that they did so. See, e.g., AT&T Technologies, Inc. v.
- Communications Workers, 475 U. S. 643, 649. First Options cannot
- show a clear agreement on the part of the Kaplans. The Kaplans'
- objections to the arbitrators' jurisdiction indicate that they did not
- want the arbitrators to have binding authority over them. This
- conclusion is supported by (1) an obvious explanation for their
- presence before the arbitrators (i.e., Mr. Kaplan's wholly owned firm
- was arbitrating workout agreement matters); and (2) Third Circuit
- law, which suggested that they might argue arbitrability to the
- arbitrators without losing their right to independent court review.
- First Options' counterarguments are unpersuasive. Pp. 5-9.
- 2. Courts of appeals should apply ordinary standards when
- reviewing district court decisions upholding arbitration awards, i.e.,
- accepting findings of fact that are not ``clearly erroneous'' but decid-
- ing questions of law de novo; they should not, in those circumstanc-
- es, apply a special ``abuse of discretion'' standard. It is undesirable
- to make the law more complicated by proliferating special review
- standards without good reason. More importantly, a court of ap-
- peals' reviewing attitude toward a district court decision should
- depend upon the respective institutional advantages of trial and
- appellate courts, not upon what standard of review will more likely
- produce a particular substantive result. Nothing in the Arbitration
- Act supports First Options' claim that a court of appeals should use
- a different standard when conducting review of certain district court
- decisions. Pp. 9-10.
- 3. The factbound question whether the Court of Appeals erred in
- its ultimate conclusion that the dispute was not arbitrable is beyond
- the scope of the questions this Court agreed to review. P. 11.
- 19 F. 3d 1503, affirmed.
- Breyer, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
-